a. Conceptually, what are between-group and within-group variability? What do they consist of or represent?
b. In testing the difference between group means, how are between-group and within-group variability related to each other? What has to exist for the null hypothesis to be rejected?
c. In testing the difference between group means, what is the implication of a large amount of within-group variability (error) on the amount of between-group variability (effect) needed to reject the null hypothesis?
d. What does ANOVA stand for, and why?
 e. In testing the difference between means, why is the inferential statistic called the F-ratio?
f. What is the shape of the theoretical distribution of F-ratios? Why is it this shape?
 g. What is the modality of the theoretical distribution of F-ratios?
